Definition and Purpose of International Relations
In establishing a relationship not only among individuals, but it can be a group or country that can establish a relationship between countries. On this occasion here will be a complete review of international relations. Therefore, let us consider the review below.
Definition of International Relations
International relations or relations between nations is a human interaction between nations both individually and in groups, which is carried out either directly or indirectly and can be in the form of friendship, dispute, hostility or war.
Understanding International Relations According to Experts
1. Sincere Warsito
According to Tulus Warsito revealed that international relations is a study of the interaction of foreign politics from several corners.
2. Drs. R. Soeprapto
According to Soeprapto, international relations is a specialization that integrates other branches of knowledge that study the international aspects of human social life.
3. Kenneth Watts. Thompson
According to Kenneth revealed that international relations is a study of a rivalry between nations and the conditions and institutions that improve or worsen a rivalry.
4. J.C. Johari
According to Johari, international relations is a study of an interaction which takes place between sovereign states, besides that it is also a study of non-state actors whose behavior has a joint impact on the tasks of the State.
5. Couloumbis and Wolfe
According to Couloumbis and Wolfe revealed that international relations is a systematic study of phenomena that can be observed and try to get a basic variable to explain behavior and reveal a characteristic or types of relationships between social units.
6. Mochtar Mas’oed
According to Mochtar revealed that international relations is a relationship that is very complex because in it there is / involved a nation that each sovereign which thus requires a more complicated mechanism for relations between groups.
7. Jeremy Bentham
According to Jeremy Benham, international relations is a science which is a unified discipline and has a scope and basic concepts.
8. John Lewis Gaddis
According to John Lewis Gaddis revealed that international relations is a field of study that is useful for a statesman in a way to build a better world.
9. Ishaq Rahman
According to Ishaq Rahman stated that international relations is a science that is identified with a relationship between countries.
10. Couloumbis
According to Couloumbis revealed that international relations is a science that studies a pattern of action and reaction between sovereign states in which the behavior of the government elite is an indicator.
Understanding Executive Institutions in General And Examples
The Executive Institution is a government agency that has a power and responsibility in implementing the law. For example, usually in an executive institution called the chairman of the government. The executive can point to administration, to the president's system, or as an order, within the parliamentary system.
Executive (from Latin), execure which means to carry out or do. Executive power is generally held by the executive body. In democratised countries, executive bodies are generally from heads of state such as kings or presidents. The executive body in the broadest sense also includes civil servants and the military.
Executive agency
In the presidential system the ministers are petrified by the president and are elected by the president as well, whereas in the parliamentary system the ministers are led by a prime minister.
The type of executive institution is divided into two, namely:
Hareditary Monarch is a government whose headship is chosen based on descent.
An example is Britain by electing a head of state from a royal family.
Elected Monarch is the head of state generally elected by a legislative body or an electoral body.
The Executive Institution System is divided into two:
Parliamentary Governing System. Separate heads of state and heads of government. The head of government is led by the prime minister, and the head of state is led by the president. But the head of state here only has a function as a symbol in a sovereign state.
Presidential presidential system. Heads of government and heads of state are both held by the president.
Example of the Executive Board
Parliamentary System with Parliamentary Executive
Parliamentary system is a system of government whose parliament has an important role in governance.
Example: England
The power of a king is symbolic. The real power is in the hands of the prime minister who leads the ministers.
The life span of a cabinet depends on support in the legislature.
Two political parties are very dominant, namely the labor party and the conservative party, so that the party that wins in an election can expect majority support in parliament, while in the opposition party there is only one that is more prominent.
A Presidential System with a Fixed Executive or Non-Parliamentary Executive
Example: United States
The executive board consists of the president and his ministers who are presidential aides. The president is called the Chief Executive
The term of office is 4 years, can be extended by eight years if re-elected.
Government system
Presidential system
Parliamentary system
Semipresidential system