Semantic Analysis
In semantic analysis, language is unique and has a close relationship with the culture of the speaker community. So, an analysis of results in a language, cannot be used to analyze other languages.
For example English speakers who use the word ‘rice’ in English that represent rice, rice, grain and rice.
The word 'rice' will have different meanings in each of the different contexts. Can mean rice, rice, grain, or rice.
Of course English speakers only know 'rice' to refer to rice, rice, grain, and rice. That is because they do not have the culture of processing rice, grain, rice and rice, like the Indonesian people.
Another difficulty in analyzing meaning is the fact that not always the markers and referents have a one-on-one relationship. Which means, every linguistic sign doesn't always have only one meaning.
Occasionally, one linguistic sign has two or more references. And conversely, two linguistic marks, can have one common reference.
The relationship can be illustrated with the following examples:
example of semantic analysis
Semantic Types
Below there are several types of semantics, including:
1. Behaviorist Semantics
Behaviorist adherents have a general attitude: (1) Behaviorist adherents are not too sure about terms that are mentalistic in the form of mind, concept, and idea: (2) there is no essential difference between human and animal behavior: (3) prioritizing learning factors and are not sure of innate factors: and (4) the mechanism or its determination.
Based on the sketch the meaning is in the range between stimulus and response, between stimulus and answer. The meaning is determined by the situation which means determined by the environment. Therefore, meaning can only be understood if there is observable data in the environment of human experience. Example: a mother who feeds food on sibayi.
2. Descriptive Semantics
Descriptive semantics are semantic studies that specifically show the current meaning. The meaning of the word when it first appears. Not noticed. For example, in Indonesian there is the word champion, the person who gets the highest ranking in a match without regard to the previous meaning, which is the regulator or the divorce in the chicken union. So, descriptive Semantics only pay attention to the present meaning.
3. Generative Semantics
Famous concepts in this flow are: (1) competence, namely the ability or knowledge of the language understood in communication: (3) the external structure, namely the language elements in the form of words or sentences that sound like: and (4) inner structure, namely the meaning that is in the outer structure. This flow became famous with the emergence of Chomsky's book in 1957 which was later updated.
Generative semantic theory emerged in 1968 because of linguist dissatisfaction with Chomsky's opinion. In their opinion semantic structures and syntactic structures are homogeneous. The inner structure is not the same as the semantic structure.
To relate it is illustrated by one rule, namely transformation. This theory arrives at the conclusion that grammar consists of an internal structure that contains nothing but a semantic structure and an outer structure which is an embodiment of the utterances of these two structures connected by a process called transformation.
4. Grammatical Semantics
Grammatical semantics is a simultaneous study which specifically examines the meaning contained in sentence units. Verhaar says Grammatical Semantics is much more difficult to analyze. To analyze the sentence still sitting, brother is already sleeping not only interpreted from the words that make it up. One must interpret the entire contents of the sentence as well as what is behind the sentence. A word will change its meaning when placed or combined with other words.
5. Lexical Semantics
Lexical semantics is a more satisfying simultaneous study in the discussion of the meaning systems contained in words. Lexical semantics are not very difficult. A dictionary is a good example of lexical Semantics: the meaning of each word is described there. So, lexical semantics pays attention to the meaning contained in word sentences as independent units.